Science does not evolve gradually toward truth. Science has a paradigm that remains constant before going through a paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon. Now is the time to add a fundamental level to physics.
Science needs to move beyond theories based solely on reductionism and practical field theory. We lost reductionism when we went to the Planck scale level. Gravity is anti-reductionist, and so is the whole fundamental level of physics.
A periodic scientific revolution caused by a crisis in the current paradigm causes a paradigm shift. A problem develops when a paradigm’s accuracy or usefulness diminishes or anomalies increase in number or significance that the paradigm can not address. Propagating fundamental physics will be the next paradigm shift.
A start: the requirement in quantum mechanics that the S matrix be a unitary transformation between initial and final states of motion
It challenges the notion of space-time, locality, and unitarity(a unitary transformation between initial and final states of motion). These are necessary components of a model of particle interactions. Instead, they are properties that emerge from an underlying phenomenon. What lies beneath is the coded fundamental level of physics. The locality is the notion that particles can interact only from adjoining positions in space and time. And unitarity holds that the probabilities of all outcomes of a quantum mechanical interaction must add up to one.
Paradigms are written or unwritten laws that have to be followed by researchers in a field.
The energy associated with a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. Hence, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength and the higher the wave’s energy. There is more energy per photon in the higher-frequency wave. The photon is the energy quantum of the EM wave; you can have as many photons as you like to make the wave’s total energy as big as you want.
The Universe doesn’t have a magnetic field imposing a background directionality. Magnetism is ubiquitous in our Universe, with interstellar gas, planets, stars, and galaxies showing magnetic fields.
Everything has a magnetic field. But only at the microscopic/atomic level. Spinning electrons generate magnetic fields. Our Universe is magnetized. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM.) The kinetic effects of gravity are in analogy to the magnetic effects of a moving electric charge. We can consider electrons as little balls of spinning negative charge and therefore act like tiny magnets because a moving charge creates a magnetic field. Magnetism is a relativistic correction of the electrostatic force. Only moving charge particles feel a magnetic force in a magnetic field. Only moving charged particles can generate a magnetic field.
Electric field and magnetic field are components of electromagnetic waves, and they can travel through space
Not all operators of interest in quantum mechanics have to be unitary about magnetism is that it is the ‘relativistic correction’ to the electrostatic force. observables correspond to self-adjoint operators which are not always unitary. But unitarity is required for operators which just implement changes of perspective such as time evolution, spatial translation, rotation and Lorenz boosts.
A unitary operator is a subjective bounded operator on a Hilbert space that preserves the inner product. They usually take unitary operators as operating in a Hilbert space, but the same notion serves to define the concept of isomorphism between Hilbert spaces.
The time-evolution operator is unitary, i.e. its inverse and its adjoint operator are equal. But measurable observables such as position, momentum, and spin. Math matrix operators that are not necessarily unitary represent them.
