Number of Families of Quarks and Leptons
  • The muon is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2 but a much greater mass.
  • The quark group includes six particles: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. The lepton group comprises the electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino, electron, muon, and tau particles. The bosons include the photon, gluon, Z particle, W particle, and Higgs.
  • Muons behave like tiny magnets. The muon is a lepton that decays to form an electron or positron.
  • The largest (in terms of mass) fundamental particle is a top quark.
  • Interaction of muons, the fifth force of nature discovered by scientists
  • THE FIFTH FORCE: 
  • Dark matter comprises undiscovered subatomic particles. They controlled dark energy by a fifth force called quintessence (a fundamental property of space itself).
  • WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) Quintessence can be attractive or repulsive, depending on its kinetic and potential energy ratio. 
  • Photons don’t interact with dark energy.
  • The Cosmos comprises:
  • 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, 4% free hydrogen & helium, and 0.5% stars/planets. 0.3% neutrinos & 0.03% heavy elements.
  • a pie chart graphic shows what percentage of the universe dark energy is
  • Where dark energy is a repulsive force that stretches our universe.
  • Dark matter has the opposite effect. It acts as a parking brake to slow down a more rapid expansion. It also holds the superstructures of galaxies together. The dark matter particles are lightweight axions and heavyweight WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles).