- Approaches to date the Big Bang depend on mathematics and computational modeling. The model uses distance estimates of the oldest stars, the behavior of galaxies, and the rate of the universe’s expansion. The idea is to compute how long it would take all objects to return to the beginning.
- Tully–Fisher relation is a correlation for spiral galaxies between their luminosity and how fast they are rotating. … By comparing the intrinsic brightness with the apparent magnitude (what you observe — because the further the galaxy, the dimmer it “appears”), you can calculate its distance. The slope, intercept, and scatter of the Tully–Fisher relation are vital parameters that any successful prescription for galaxy formation and evolution must reproduce. The rotation curve of our Milky Way Galaxy is much more flat and constant than the orbital speeds of planets in our solar system. The shape of the Milky Way Galaxy’s rotation curve implies dark matter, given the distribution of visible light in the galaxy.
- Galactic-sized dark haloes have low dark matter concentrations that reach equilibrium with a galaxy in a relatively short time. This is the result of a type of interaction between dark matter and ordinary matter in addition to gravity. The principle of maximum entropy explains the cores observed in the mass distribution of dwarf galaxies.
- Dark matter holds cosmic objects together, acting as a force of attraction. On the other hand, dark energy is an anti-gravity force, repelling objects from one another in a way that would cause the universe to expand. Dark matter cannot bend light itself; mass, including invisible mass, bends spacetime. Light follows the curve of spacetime, so dark matter can be seen through the lensing effect created by this curvature.
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Issues not explained by the Standard Model include:
- Does the Higgs boson also give mass to neutrinos?
- Around 95 percent of the universe is not made of ordinary matter but consists of dark energy and dark matter, which do not fit into the Standard Model.
- Gluons that convey the force of gravity have never been found.
- Baryon asymmetry.
- Neutrino oscillations and non-zero masses.
- Why is the universe expanding ever faster?
- Why is the universe comprised of more matter than antimatter?
