Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles—particularly subatomic particles such as electrons—exhibit a degree of wave-like behavior. Heisenberg uncertainty principle: describes electrons as waveforms in that it is mathematically impossible to derive the position and momentum of an electron simultaneously. This invalidated Bohr’s model. An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus but, depending on its energy level, exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital. The orbitals come in various shapes-sphere, dumbbell, torus, etc.-with, with the nucleus in the middle.
Atoms were thought to be the possible minor division of matter until 1897 when J. J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays.
Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta (singular, quantum). Under this model, an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not constantly lose energy; instead, it could only make instantaneous “quantum leaps” between the fixed energy levels. This was because some of the neon ions had a different mass. The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932.
In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles—particularly subatomic particles such as electrons—exhibit a degree of wave-like behavior. A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to derive an electron’s position and momentum simultaneously. This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The modern model of the atom describes the functions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities. An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus but, depending on its energy level, exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital.
POSITIVE PARTICLES DON’T MOVE IN CIRCUITS, ONLY THE NEGATIVE ELECTRONS MOVE.
The direction of an electric current is, by convention, the order in which a positive charge would move. Thus, the current in the external circuit is directed away from the positive terminal and toward the battery’s negative terminal. Electrons would move through the wires in the opposite direction.
Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge. Electricity is the motion of a charge through a circuit. When connected to a circuit, an electric potential is converted to kinetic energy as the electrons travel through the circuit. … The voltage of a battery is synonymous with its electromotive force, or emf. This force is responsible for the flow of charge through the circuit, known as the electric current. Batteries are electrically neutral. The positive charge and the negative charge get separated.
The direction of an electric current is, by convention, the direction in which a positive charge would move. Thus, the current in the external circuit is directed away from the positive terminal and toward the battery’s negative terminal. Electrons would move through the wires in the opposite direction.
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT (CCF) VS ELECTRON FLOW. (EF)
THE ATOMS IN THE BATTERY AND THE ATOMS IN THE WIRE WORK TOGETHER. (LIKE A TRAIN). The electron pushes the entire train.
AC: an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.
An alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences. Electrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be increased or decreased with a transformer. This allows the power to be transmitted through power lines efficiently at high voltage, which reduces the energy lost as heat due to resistance of the wire and transformed to a lower, safer voltage for use.
DC: an electric current is flowing in one direction only. Direct current (DC) is the one-directional flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire and flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction.
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