Galaxies are not distributed randomly throughout the universe

Galaxies are not distributed randomly throughout the Universe but are grouped in gravitationally bound clusters. The smaller clusters are called groups. Galaxies are distributed in local clusters, large-scale clusters, and superclusters. There are vast voids in...

When four atomic orbitals mix, they form four hybrid orbitals

    There are four kinds of atomic orbitals, s(sharp), p(principle), d(diffuse), and f(fundamental). There are a few orbital combinations present inside every atom-shell. An orbital is a region of space within an atom where an electron in a given subshell...

When electrons change orbits, they are performing quantum leaps.

Time and space are not fundamental; they are emergent in spacetime. Motion is also emergent.   If matter did not exist, neither would time. Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) is composed of voxels of Planck area connected by bridges with multiple units of Planck length. The...

The core collapse of massive stars produces long GRB bursts

STAR STUFF: The formation of neutron and pulsar stars.  Stars come in many sizes. They start out being made of mostly Hydrogen. Later they start producing heavier atoms. The gravitational force at the center crushers the atoms together. The star’s temperature...

A stop codon signals the end of the genetic message.

If you think that unguided random chance can blindly create and build out a human cell over time, you are a cult member of flat earth society. A cell converts DNA into working proteins. The translation process can be seen as decoding instructions for making proteins...