A stop codon signals the end of the genetic message.

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  • If you think that unguided random chance can blindly create and build out a human cell over time, you are a cult member of flat earth society.
  • A cell converts DNA into working proteins. The translation process can be seen as decoding instructions for making proteins involving mRNA in transcription and tRNA. A cell must first transfer information from DNA to mRNA to manufacture protein molecules through transcription. Then, a translation process uses this mRNA template for protein assembly. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase (green) uses DNA as a template to produce a pre-mRNA transcript (pink). The pre-mRNA is processed to form a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated to build the protein molecule (polypeptide) encoded by the original gene.
  • Ribosomes are the specialized cellular structures in which translation takes place. The ribosome is a series of complex mechanisms primarily associated with the cellular structure. During translation, ribosomes move along an mRNA strand. The genetic code has a set of rules used to interpret the nucleotide sequence within a molecule of mRNA.  A sequenced series of three-nucleotide codon units is an operational mechanism within each cell. This mechanism kicks out 64 combinations of codons, 61 are amino acids, and 3 are stop signals that trigger the end of protein synthesis. A stop codon signals the end of the genetic message. There are 20 different amino acids (some are redundant to safeguard protein synthesis.) There is no overlap in the genetic code.  
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  • A schematic shows a ribosome attached to the middle of a single horizontal strand of MRNA. Inside the ribosome, two TRNA molecules are attached by their anticodon sequences to complementary sequences on the MRNA stranad. The first TRNA molecule has a growing chain of five amino acids attached to the top. The second TRNA molecule has a single amino acid attached to the top.
    Figure 7: Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
    Another step in translation is elongation.
    The amino acids carried by the tRNA molecules are then bound together. 
  • This process is repeated along the entire length of the mRNA, thereby elongating the polypeptide chain emerging from the top of the ribosome. A long chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide or a new protein. There are three places on the ribosome where tRNAs bind. All things are triune, with binary interactives.
  • A completed protein has a job to perform.
  • Sometimes, post-translational modifications are required before a protein is completed.