The electromagnetic field is a combination of invisible electric fields of force, and photons run the fields.
Heat is energy that is transferred to or from a thermodynamic system.
Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared.
This affects the speed of a mass in time.
General relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime.
Gravity curves spacetime when a matter is present. Energy and momentum result in gravity.
1897: The Discovery of the Electron.
1911: Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus.
TIMELINE:
1687, Newton publishes Principia. He establishes the universal laws of motion and gravity.
1897: The Discovery of the Electron.
1911: Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus.
1917, Proton found.
1932 A new uncharged particle, the neutron.
Quantum physics: Developed by Niels Bohr in the 1920s.
The late 1920s. Paul Dirac quantized the electromagnetic field.
quantum electrodynamics (QED),1940s and 1950s.
What we perceive as particles are excitations of the quantum field itself. In it, two fields exist, the electromagnetic field and the electron field. These two fields continuously interact, energy and momentum are transferred, and excitations are created or destroyed.
Dark matter: Fritz Zwicky inferred it in1933 and called it missing matter. They verified dark matter in the1980s.
In 1973, the development of the concept of color was the source of the strong- field. (The theory of QCD).
QED stands for quantum electrodynamics, where QCD stands for quantum chromo- dynamics. The critical difference between QED and QCD is that QED describes the interactions of charged particles with the electromagnetic field, whereas QCD describes the interactions between quarks and gluons.
The weak field: In 1933, Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of weak interaction. He suggested that beta decay could be explained by a four-fermion interaction involving a contact force with no range. In the 1960s, the unification of the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction showed two aspects of a single force now termed the electro-weak force.
All this resulted in The Standard Model that includes the matter particles (quarks and leptons), the force-carrying particles (bosons), and the Higgs boson. The standard model addresses the structure of mass and energy that lives in space.
It explains how quarks (which make up protons and neutrons) and leptons (which include electrons) make up all known matter.
The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory.
Since it was first put together in the 1970s, the standard model has passed all tests and has survived almost unchanged. But physicists know it is incomplete. It can’t answer these five questions:
What is dark matter?
Why is there so much matter in the universe?
Why is the universe speeding up?
Is there a particle associated with gravity?
Why do neutrinos have mass?
Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature. Muons are the heavier cousins of electrons, and they spin weirdly because they are running into unknown virtual particles along the way. Cosmic rays produce muons in Earth’s atmosphere. Space contains virtual particles, short-lived objects whose physical effects are real. Muons are unstable, and they wobble, so they are not alone. Unseen and unknown virtual particles abound.
A mismatch between theory and experiment will explain the big physics mysteries.
The third and fundamental level of physics will solve the mysteries list above. We outline this foundational first level of physics in the next chapter of this book. We show how the three levels of physics are combined to produce the theory of everything.
Some recent discoveries:
1995: Top quark discovered
1998: Accelerating expansion of the universe.
2000: Quark-gluon plasma found.
2003: Observations of the cosmic microwave background.
2013: Higgs boson field.
2016: Gravitational waves.
Combining the classic physics of Newton and Einstein with quantum-level physics that had been born in the 1920s is in the works.
The brakes are off. The universe’s expansion is speeding up because of an increase in dark energy, and dark matter is being used up.
Holding things together is slip-sliding away.
HOW TRINITARIAN PHYSICS WORKS:
ALL THINGS ARE TRIUNE, WITH BINARY INTER-ACTIVES.
There are three levels of physics, not two.
Classic physics is still incomplete.
Its completion is in the works. Upon its completion, it needs to be fused to the quantum level of physics.
The fundamental (foundational) level of physics needs to be plugged into the three-in-one physics of this universe. (I will outline it later in this book).
The physical transformations occur at the quantum level. The fundamental level of physics moves the randomness of the quantum level to the deterministic classic level of physics. It changes the mode of information from random to deterministic. The transformations as input-output in pairs of attributes. It constructs the building blocks of reality in this manner.
