The laws of nature aren’t the first cause because they are just observations of what is. Scientific laws or laws of science are statements based on repeatedexperiments or observations describing or predicting a range of natural phenomena. The laws of physics are written in math to define mass, energy, entropy, etc., but the first cause can’t be explained.
By materialism: The doctrine that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.
Or, by naturalism: The belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted.
Substance dualism is compatible with most theologies that claim that immortal souls occupy an independent realm of existence distinct from that of the physical world. A metaphysical assumption is a mind-body dualism.
It only depends on a pre-theoretic awareness of the causal attributes that we have like minds. As self-conscious agents, we have a direct reflective understanding of our minds. And it is an entity that has something like those powers that we know we have by such immediate introspective awareness that is responsible for the production of information.
Consciousness was designed for a purpose. Human consciousness is linked to the laws of the universe.
Origin of life needs to be coded before it can go live.
DNA IS A HIGH-END INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM. IT IS THE CAD CAM SYSTEM OF THE BODY.
The basic process in DNA data storage involves digital encoding information into DNA sequences (encoding), writing the sequences into actuality. DNA has a built-in filing system.
DNA molecules (synthesis), physical conditioning, and organizing them into a library for long-term storage, retrieving, and selectively accessing them (random access).
DNA has many advantages for storing digital data. For example, scientists have encoded a 52,000-word book in thousands of snippets of DNA, using strands of DNA’s four-letter alphabet of A, G, T, and C to encode the 0s and 1s of the digitized file. DNA is three and a half billion letters word.
The information density of DNA is remarkable — just one gram can store 215 petabytes, or 215 million gigabytes, of data. For context, the average hard drive in a laptop can house just one-millionth of that amount.
There are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases, and there are four different types of DNA nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
DNA contains the genetic information of all living organisms. Proteins are large molecules made up of 20 small molecules called amino acids. All living organisms have the same 20 amino acids, but they are arranged in different ways and this determines the different function for each protein.
The process of DNA data storage combines DNA synthesis, DNA sequencing, and an encoding and decoding algorithm to pack information into DNA more durably and at higher density than is possible in conventional media.
Irreducible complexity is the argument that certain biological systems cannot have evolved by successive small modifications to pre-existing functional systems through natural selection because no less complex system would function.
Complexity vs. specified complexity: complex specified information (CSI) as being present in a specified event whose probability did not exceed 1 in 10150, which is the universal probability bound.
This specified complexity cannot be generated spontaneously, originate endogenously or organize itself. A closed system hasn’t always been closed.
In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme–substrate complex is formed.
The main biochemical reaction employing glucose as its substrate is glycolysis, which, used by all tissues for the breakdown of glucose, provides energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and produces intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
Hemoglobin is well known as the molecule that transfers oxygen in the blood, but its precursor, heme, is lesser-known. Heme is a complex molecule that looks geometrically square, with a single iron atom at the center. The heme family of metalloproteins is responsible for multiple functions in the cell and the bodies of multicellular organisms, including humans.
an iron-containing compound of the porphyrin class which forms the nonprotein part of hemoglobin and some other biological molecules. Heme is essential for virtually all living systems and is involved in many fundamental biological processes. It is also implicated as a signaling/regulatory molecule and must be mobilized in response to cellular demands. Heme is essential for the survival of virtually all living systems. The family of heme proteins is vast, and heme proteins are responsible for many functions necessary for the cell’s survival. To meet the needs of supply and demand for heme in cells, most organisms need to synthesize it. Biosynthesis of the heme cofactor is, therefore, one of the most important.
Definition of bioelectrochemistry: The science of electrochemistry applies to living systems, especially in terms of biochemical and physiological processes (such as electron transport): electrochemistry related to biological, biomedical, and biotechnological applications (such as biosensors or immunoassays).
Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids that are sequenced in long chains, They are 3D structures.
