Biological energy: All metabolic processes require energy, breaking down the raw material (inside the cell). This metabolic energy is then used for the synthesis (of cell proteins). Chemical reactions require a source of energy. Organisms use energy to survive, grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce, and for every type of biological process.
Forms of energy include mechanical, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, thermal, sound, and nuclear energy.
The blueprint code that builds a cell: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Its shape determines the function of a protein. The form of a protein is determined by its primary structure (sequence of amino acids). The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by nucleotides in the gene (DNA) encoding it.
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
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.Homeostasis: A property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly.
Cell expression: Gene expression is the process the cell uses to produce the molecule it needs by reading the genetic code written in the DNA. To do this, the cell interprets the genetic code, and for each group of three letters, it adds one of the 20 different amino acids that are the basic units needed to build proteins.
Cell signaling is the fundamental process by which specific information is transferred from the cell surface to the cytosol and ultimately to the nucleus, leading to changes in gene expression. While most pathways share the same basic steps of cell signaling (reception, transduction, response, resetting), there are different pathways:
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that help the body fight infections and other diseases. The immune system includes white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymph system, such as the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and bone marrow.
A tRNA MOLECULE: Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
Biological systems are highly organized systems. Organisms are highly organized coordinated structures. These multicellular organisms, with similar cells, form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems.
Biochemical reactions are chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of living things. The sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism. It includes both exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Cells make energy via chemistry polymers.
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is chemical energy the cell can use. It is the molecule that provides energy for your cells to perform work, such as moving your muscles as you walk down the street.
Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts. … Anabolic reactions, or biosynthetic reactions, synthesize larger molecules from smaller constituent parts, using ATP as the energy source for these reactions.
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