IBohr Model of the Atom - Overview and Examples Anatomic electron spreads out into cloud-like wave shapes called “orbitals.” … But the electron does not “leap” anywhere. Shown here are critical electron transitions in the hydrogen atom. When an electron transitions between atomic states, it does not instantaneously leap Atomic electron transition is a change of an electron from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. … Electron transitions cause the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of quantized units called photons. An electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom‘s nucleus in chemistry and atomic physics.  Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons:  The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.atom - Orbits and energy levels | Britannica
  • The quantum world:
  • At the quantum level, chemistry is all about the behavior of electrons.  The quantum mechanical model describes the allowed energies an electron can have. It also explains how likely it is to find the electrons in various locations around an atom’s nucleus. Bohr proposed that an electron exists only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.  To completely describe an electron in an atom, four quantum numbers are needed: energy (n), angular momentum (ℓ), magnetic moment (m), and spin (ms). The first quantum number describes the electron shell, or energy level, of an atom.  Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) developed by Bader and collaborators, which relies on quantum observables such as electron density and energy density, can answer some fundamental questions related to chemical bonding, such as the definition of the atom within a molecule.  Since the breakthrough of renormalization, QFT has served as the foundation for developing quantum theories about the four fundamental forces of nature: 1) electromagnetism, 2) the weak nuclear force, 3) the strong nuclear force, and 4) gravity.
  • When an atom that is negatively charged collides with an atom that is positively charged, the negatively charged particle passes excess electrons to the positively charged atom, creating a flow of electricity when large quantities of atoms are involved.
  • Electrons have a minor electrical charge. This electrical charge equals the charge of a proton but has the opposite sign. For this reason, electrons are attracted by the protons of atomic nuclei and usually form atoms. An electron has a mass of about 1/1836 times a proton.
  • Energy, mass, and other properties at the sub-atomic scale are quantized.  These tiny discrete (quanta) of energy make up all matter. Energy can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts (quanta). The radiation can occur only in quantum amounts of energy.
  • Wave-particle duality:  In physics and chemistry, waveparticle duality holds that light and matter exhibit both waves and particles’ properties.  We don’t experience nature at the atomic scale.  Light and heat are not continuous streams; they are packets of light energy.    The shorter wavelengths provide more kinetic energy.  The energy associated with a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. Hence, the higher the frequency, the faster the wavelength and the higher the wave’s energy.
Wave-Particle duality - 4piacademy
  • Gamma rays have the highest energies, the shortest wavelengths, and the highest frequencies.   UV radiation has a relatively short wavelength, more ephemeral than visible light.
  • A black body absorbs all light:  A blackbody is an object that absorbs all of the radiation that it receives (that is, it does not reflect any light, nor does it allow any light to pass through it and out the other side). The energy that the blackbody absorbs heats it, and then it will emit its radiation.
  • Chem4Kids.com: Carbon: Orbital and Bonding Info