The matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). It made all matter up of atoms. The atom has a nucleus containing particles of positive charge (protons) and particles of neutral charge (neutrons). Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are shells...
That our Universe is in a perfect balance between its expansion rate and its energy density today, yesterday, and billions of years ago are proof positive that it finely tuned our universe from the start. In physics, fine-tuning is the process in which it must adjust...
Why are the quark and lepton so small? Quarks make up, amongst other things, the protons, and neutrons in the nucleus. Leptons include electrons and neutrinos. Quarks and leptons’ difference is that quarks interact with the strong nuclear force,...
SLOW ROLL APPROXIMATION: theories of inflation assume there exists some scalar field ϕϕ that permeates the Universe and drives inflation. The kinetic energy of the field is negligible compared to the potential energy of the field. This equation shows that the...
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated by...
