Bell’s inequality was developed because of local realism

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  • Bell’s theorem states that no theory that satisfies the property of local realism can reproduce all the predictions of quantum theory. This is important because it means that specific properties of reality have testable consequences. Bell’s inequality was then developed based on the property of local realism, setting a bound for correlations observed assuming this property. A violation of Bell’s inequality means that reality cannot have all the assumed properties.
  • Let us review the property of local realism. That means you can learn everything about an object by making measurements of the object alone. Quantum theory has a nonlocal element in the wave function. In particular, entangled particles are a perfect example of such a nonlocal wave function.
  • A violation of Bell’s inequalities by entangled particles tells us that one of the reality properties we assume is incompatible with observation. The obvious one is local realism because we already know that quantum theory is nonlocal.
  • Ultimately, a realist assumes that there is a reality. Most people are realists. It has a reasonable assumption to make. However, the actual properties of reality are disputable. Tests of reality help us refine precisely what that reality is. Here, realism is not synonymous with local realism. There must be a nonlocal element to realism.
  • Nuclear force does not care about the charge, so neutrons and protons are the same. However, the atomic force makes the particles spin. It is stronger between particles with spins aligned than between particles with opposing spins.
  • If you had an atom with only two protons and they were both in a ground (lowest energy) state, their spins must be opposite because of the Pauli exclusion principle. Hence, the nuclear force is weaker—too weak to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the protons. In contrast, if you had an atom with a proton and a neutron, their spins could be aligned, resulting in much stronger binding by the nuclear force (and, of course, no electrostatic repulsion).
  • This is why 2H (a proton and a neutron) is a stable isotope of hydrogen (deuterium), but 2He (two protons) is not a stable isotope of helium.
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Vern Bender
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