- AND CHRISTIANITY INTO A LEARNED BELIEF RESULT.
Quantum physics has unveiled a paradox: Matter, which is composed of 99.9999% emptiness, appears to be solid. This intriguing contradiction begs the question: Why does matter exhibit solidity? My understanding of the quantum theory of matter, encompassing nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic quantum field theory, is comprehensive and well-founded.
It is genuinely news that “quantum physics has confirmed that matter is composed of 99.9999% emptiness.” If anything, my studies suggest the opposite: true emptiness does not exist, not even in the deepest of space in the large voids between galactic superclusters.
The common depiction of atoms as tiny nuclei with even tinier electrons orbiting them, akin to a miniature solar system, is a gross oversimplification that does not accurately represent the true nature of matter. Understanding these misconceptions can be enlightening and informative.
What exactly is an electron? It’s best described as an ‘excitation of the electron field.’ While this is a technically accurate definition, it may not be immediately clear to those new to the theory. Let me simplify it for you.
In our best theory, quantum field theory, everything starts with a set of fields: the electromagnetic field, the field of electrons, fields of quarks, gluons, vector bosons, and the Higgs field, all interacting and exchanging energy. These fields are present everywhere. When they interact, they may gain units of energy that we sometimes call “excitations.” As a result of an interaction, the electromagnetic field may gain a unit of energy that we call a photon.
Under the right circumstances, this electromagnetic field excitation may appear highly localized. However, under different circumstances, it may not be localized at all. Either way, this photon is not some miniature cannonball but a property of the electromagnetic field in a given state.
The same goes for the field of electrons and all the other fields of the standard model.
So an atom, then, is a collection of a bunch of such excitations—of the field of electrons, fields of quarks, fields of gluons, the electromagnetic field—in a specific configuration. It is neither empty nor full of anything. It is localizable. We can localize an atom by interacting with it. The more powerful the interaction, the more precisely it nails down the atom’s location, though there are limits. Interact with that atom too powerfully, and you break the configuration, “smashing” the atom.
With the right experimental design, it is also possible to interact directly with constituent parts of that atom. Moreover, they can indeed be confined by interactions with tiny regions. This inspires the intuitive but ultimately false picture that the atom consists of small, miniature cannonballs separated by space. No: The atom is a configuration of interacting fields.
An excitation that corresponds to a genuinely elementary particle, like an electron, can be confined to an arbitrarily tiny volume of space. So, the electron has no size. In contrast, composite things like atoms, or the protons and neutrons therein, have a minimum size that is, roughly speaking, determined by the nature of interacting fields and excitations that constitute the object.
Now, as to why matter appears solid… However, small or big atoms make no difference. What matters is that atoms, though electrically neutral overall, have a charge distribution that is never perfectly symmetric or uniform. When you try to bring atoms together, they might stick together, forming a molecule, or repeal each other due to their electromagnetic properties. All this occurs over much greater distances than the sizes we associate with the atom or its constituent bits. So when you find, say, that you cannot push your hand through a solid wall, electromagnetic interactions between the molecules of your body and the molecules of the wall, primarily as their electron “clouds” get close to one another and electrostatic repulsion kicks in.
Without interactions, there would be no resistance. Again, matter is not miniature cannonballs that collide or bounce off each other. Those “excitations” of quantum fields could happily travel through one another if the quantum fields in question do not interact, or only weakly interact, with each other. This is why neutrinos, for instance, have no trouble with what
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