Site icon Vern Bender

When four atomic orbitals mix, they form four hybrid orbitals

   
  • When a charged object accelerates, its momentum changes, giving off some radiation. This radiation carries momentum and energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The radiation propagates at the speed of light until it encounters another charged object, where it gives up the momentum and energy to the second object. This allows the total momentum change to balance simultaneously. Accelerating neutrinos emit weak radiation. Accelerating neutrons emit strong force nuclear radiation. Accelerating massive objects emit gravitational acceleration. Uncharged objects can also accelerate, emitting other kinds of radiation.
  • Different sets of equations govern precisely how radiation is emitted in each case. Maxwell’s equations work for electromagnetic, Einstein’s field equations work for gravitational, etc.
Exit mobile version