THE FUNDAMENTAL LEVEL OF PHYSICS LIES BENEATH THE OTHER TWO
VERN BENDER
Science does not evolve gradually toward truth. Its paradigm remains constant before undergoing a paradigm shift when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon. Now is the time to add a fundamental level to physics.
Science must move beyond theories based solely on reductionism and practical field theory. We lost reductionism when we went to the Planck scale level. Gravity is anti-reductionist, and so is the whole fundamental level of physics.
A periodic scientific revolution caused by a crisis in the current paradigm causes a paradigm shift. A problem develops when a paradigm’s accuracy or usefulness diminishes or anomalies increase in number or significance that the paradigm can not address. Propagating fundamental physics will be the next paradigm shift.
A start: the requirement in quantum mechanics that the S matrix be a unitary transformation between initial and final states of motion
It challenges the notion of space-time, locality, and unitarity(a unitary transformation between initial and final states of motion). These are necessary components of a model of particle interactions. Instead, they are properties that emerge from an underlying phenomenon. What lies beneath is the coded fundamental level of physics. The locality is the notion that particles can interact only from adjoining positions in space and time. Unitarity holds that the probabilities of all outcomes of a quantum mechanical interaction must add up to one.
Paradigms are written or unwritten laws that have to be followed by researchers in a field.
The energy associated with a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. Hence, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength and the higher the wave’s energy. There is more energy per photon in the higher-frequency wave. The photon is the energy quantum of the EM wave; you can have as many photons as you like to make the wave’s total energy as big as you want.
The Universe doesn’t have a magnetic field imposing a background directionality. Magnetism is ubiquitous in our Universe, with interstellar gas, planets, stars, and galaxies showing magnetic fields.
Everything has a magnetic field. But only at the microscopic/atomic level. Spinning electrons generate magnetic fields. Our Universe is magnetized. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM.) The kinetic effects of gravity are analogous to the magnetic effects of moving electric charge. We can consider electrons as little balls of spinning negative charge, acting like tiny magnets because a moving charge creates a magnetic field. Magnetism is a relativistic correction of the electrostatic force. Only moving charge particles feel a magnetic force in a magnetic field. Only moving charged particles can generate a magnetic field.
Electric field and magnetic fields are components of electromagnetic waves, and they can travel through space.
Not all operators interested in quantum mechanics have to be unitary about magnetism because it is the ‘relativistic correction’ of the electrostatic force. Observables correspond to self-adjoint operators, which are not always unitary. However, operators need unitarity to implement perspective changes such as time evolution, spatial translation, rotation, and Lorenz boosts.
A unitary operator is a subjective bounded operator on a Hilbert space that preserves the inner product. They usually take unitary operators as operating in a Hilbert space, but the same notion defines the concept of isomorphism between them.
The time-evolution operator is unitary, i.e., its inverse and adjoint operators are equal. But measurable observables such as position, momentum, and spin. Math matrix operators that are not necessarily unitary represent them.
All things are triune, with binary interactives, just like the holy trinity.
All things are triune, with binary interactives, just like the holy trinity.
ALL THINGS ARE TRIUNE, WITH BINARY INTERACTIVES, JUST LIKE THE HOLY TRINITY.
