- The muon is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2 but with a much greater mass.
- The quark group includes six particles: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. The lepton group comprises the electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino, electron, muon, and tau particles. The bosons include the photon, gluon, Z particle, W particle, and Higgs.
- Muons behave like tiny magnets. The muon is a lepton that decays to form an electron or positron.
- The largest (in terms of mass) fundamental particle is a top quark.
- THE FIFTH FORCE:
- Dark matter comprises undiscovered subatomic particles. They controlled dark energy by a fifth force called quintessence (a fundamental property of space itself).
- WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) Quintessence can be attractive or repulsive, depending on its kinetic and potential energy ratio.
- Photons don’t interact with dark energy.
- The Cosmos comprises:
- 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, 4% free hydrogen & helium, and 0.5% stars/planets. 0.3% neutrinos & 0.03% heavy elements.
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- Where dark energy is a repulsive force that stretches our universe.
- Dark matter has the opposite effect. It acts as a parking brake to slow down a more rapid expansion. It also holds the superstructures of galaxies together. The dark matter particles are lightweight axions and heavyweight WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles).
