Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle is one of the most outstanding results of quantum mechanics. It states that one (often, but not always) cannot know all things about a particle (as its wave function defines it) at the same time. This principle is...
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the Sun warming Earth. Without this so-called “greenhouse effect,” Earth would probably be too cold for life to exist, although a runaway greenhouse effect led to the hellish...
THEM ROCKS BE CHANGING. METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE CHANGED UNDER HIGH PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURES. Metamorphic minerals form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with metamorphism. These minerals, known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite,...
An ice age is a period of colder global temperatures and recurring glacial expansion capable of lasting hundreds of millions of years. Earth’s climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet. An ice...
The strong nuclear force holds atoms together. It is the most potent particle force, with a short range of one-half of an atom. The electromagnetic force is weak but has a galaxy-wide range. The weak force is unbelievably soft. Its range is 1/100th of an atom. Gravity...
