DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY, WIMPS (?), AND THE PARTICLE ZOO
VERN BENDER
The universe is out of balance. The distribution of matter is not t uniform. It should be smooth and regular. This contradicts the standard model.
Dark matter is the controlling force that organizes large structures, such as galaxies and galactic clusters. Dark matter is not a single elementary particle; it has a separate particle zoo. Dark matter binds constituents together to form composite particles. Dark atoms produce diverse and complex configurations as those in the visible world. Axion particles make up the dominant dark matter mix of particles.
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) behave like a neutron, except they weigh between 10 and 100 times more than a proton. They should be all around us. We have yet to find one. Neutrinos are easy to detect because they are small but do not interact electromagnetically. The mass of a particle has almost nothing to do with how they interact. Massless particles can travel at the speed of light; particles that have mass are slower than that. Massless particles can carry energy and momentum. The universe has an electromagnetic radiation field beneath the other fields.
Preons are hypothetical particles that are sub-components of the electron. Quarks are sub-components of protons and neutrons. Each quark and lepton has a combination of three preons. Preons are point particles. They are sub-components of quarks and leptons. Photons and gluons are the only massless particles. Photons are carriers of electromagnetic force, and gluons are strong force carriers.
Leptons and quarks are fermions. They are the building blocks of matter. Bosons are force carriers and facilitators only. Bosons comprise the gluon, photon, and W and Z boson. All bosons have a spin of 1. The gluon and photon are force-carriers of the strong nuclear force. The code has linked the universe’s four fundamental forces to every boson. (Strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force).
Bosons don’t take up any space because two or more bosons can simultaneously be in the same spot.
Fermions follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Two Fermions can’t be in the same spot at the quantum level. Leptons and Quarks are Fermions. The code makes hadrons and protons of three quarks. The strong nuclear force holds together the quarks.
All particles have three quantified properties: mass, charge, and spin. There are 12 types of fermions. Half of them are quarks. Quarks have either a +2/3 or -1/3 electric charge, while all leptons, except the neutrino, have a -1 charge. The up, top, and charm quarks have a positive charge, while the down, bottom, and strange quarks have a negative charge. The leptons comprise electrons, electron neutrinos, muon, muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. All the non-neutrinos have a -1 charge and have a larger mass than the neutrinos, which do not possess a charge (0).
Massive particle interactions need packages of energy. A massive particle is essentially a vibrating standing wave radiation structure. Any vibrating system can’t exchange energy unless it is in tune with its vibratory modes.
When massive particles give away energy, they do it in discrete quantities. All particles are made of energy. Energy activates fields. Fields uniformly cover the universe and give energy specified properties on a field-specific basis. Gravitons have no mass (probably). Gravity moves at the speed of light. There may be over two massless particles; we haven’t observed them yet. Energy-momentum conservation forbids any decays of massless particles. A photon can’t spontaneously decay into two photons. Massless particles can interact with each other. Gauge bosons are the particles that mediate fundamental interactions of nature.
