- The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle, which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 for electrons and later extended to all fermions with his spin-statistics theorem. The exchange of virtual pions and vector, rho, and omega mesons explains the strong residual force between nucleons. Pions are not produced in radioactive decay but commonly are in high-energy collisions between hadrons.
- The photon is a type of elementary particle. The electromagnetic field’s quantum includes electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves and the electromagnetic force’s force carrier. Photons are massless and classified as a boson.
- Energy can’t be created or destroyed, but it can be moved around. High-mass and low-mass particles decay at different rates. EVENTUALLY CAN SOMETIMES TAKE A VERY LONG TIME.
- More than 99% of the mass of the visible universe is made up of protons and neutrons. Both particles are much heavier than their quark and gluon constituents. A neutron is a subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom. It has no charge. It is equal in mass to a proton.
- Protons have a charge of +1, and neutrons are uncharged. They are not elementary particles, while electrons and quarks are elementary particles.
- The universe may be getting less dense rather than expanding. The concentration of matter in the universe may be decreasing as the universe expands. Galaxies may not be moving away from each other through space. It could be that space itself is getting bigger. The universe may not be infinite in length to begin with. We can see 46 billion light-years away; that’s it. Beyond that is the area where souls go to start again.
- The soul, upon death, transfers molecularly from the visible to the invisible universe.
- It’s only the visible part that’s finite. The reason for that is that there’s a boundary in time. The Big Bang had a starting time; when it crosses the finish line, it will be time to begin again, at the re-start beginning time.
- The fact that we can see 46 billion light-years away doesn’t make that boundary or that location anything special; it simply marks the limit of what we can see. If we could somehow take a “snapshot” of the entire universe, going way beyond the visible part, as it exists 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang everywhere, it would all look like our nearby universe does today. There would be a great cosmic web of galaxies, clusters, filaments, and cosmic voids, extending far beyond the comparatively small region we can see. Any observer, at any location, would see a universe that was very much like the one we see from our perspective.
- As we see the universe today, it appears full of stuff: matter, radiation, antimatter, neutrinos, and even dark matter and dark energy. The universe will always generate new forms of life.
- With better equipment, we should see gravitational waves from every mass accelerating through a changing gravitational field. We’d also “see” whatever is responsible for dark matter, rather than simply its gravitational effects. And we’d see black holes, both active and quiescent, rather than merely the ones that are emitting the most outstanding amounts of radiation.
- All of what we see isn’t simply occurring in a static universe, but rather in a universe that’s evolving over time. The universe is not just expanding but also cooling concurrently as a result of the expansion. The universe was hotter in the past and will be even colder in the future. Through it all, the objects with mass and/or energy in the universe gravitate, clumping and clustering together to form a great cosmic web.
