Neutrinos are among the most abundant particles in the Universe
VERN BENDER
It made everything that we can see in the Universe of matter, and we wouldn’t exist without it. We should see equal amounts of matter and antimatter—or, more correctly, just the photons left behind after meeting and annihilating each other.
For there to be the sort of difference between the two that makes our universe possible, something has to break the apparent symmetry between them (technically termed charge-conjugation and parity-reversal symmetry, or simply CP symmetry). And we have identified some cases of CP symmetry violations; they’re just too small to account for all the matter in the Universe.
The consequences of giving neutrinos a mass are easily worked out, provided that their mass is small enough. Neutrinos are the lightest of the massive fundamental particles in the Standard Model. We know that neutrinos have mass because we have observed them change from one flavor into another, a process that can happen only if the neutrinos have mass. Neutrinos are among the most abundant particles in the Universe. They are also the lightest of all the known subatomic particles that have mass, weighing around 500,000 times less than an electron. Gravity affects neutrinos. They can bend in gravitational fields, just like massless photons’ energy and momentum. Neutrinos do not seem to get their masses the way other particles do—through the Higgs boson. As far as scientists can tell, neutrinos have masses about a million times lighter than other particles of their class, such as electrons. “There must be some new mechanism that’s giving mass to neutrinos. For comparison, one electron has a mass of 511,000 electron volts. Put another way; a neutrino is 10 billion, billion, billion times smaller than a grain of sand.
The number of neutrinos (per co-moving volume) does not change after the neutrinos have stopped interacting with electrons in the very early universe. (i.e., decoupling). For small masses, the neutrinos will be effectively massless at decoupling, meaning that the number of neutrinos is independent of their mass. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles—the electrons, quarks, and other building blocks that cannot be broken into smaller parts. The energy of this interaction between quarks and gluons is what gives protons and neutrons their mass.
In contrast to electromagnetism, the strong force’s range does not extend outside the nuclei of atoms. This fact would imply that gluons are very massive. Gluons, however, appear to be massless. All the objects which have no mass or barely any mass are unaffected by gravity. Neutrinos are essential to our understanding of the sun’s kind of processes and a vital building block for nature’s blueprint.
The charge of the universe is neutral because the number of electrons exactly equals the number of protons. They balance out because they have opposite charges. The conservation of charge does not determine the ratio. This balance doesn’t change. Charge conservation follows from gauge invariance. We need the excess of protons over antiprotons to be equal to the number of electrons over positrons. This implies there is a link between Aborigines and lipogenesis.
In physical cosmology, lipogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical biological processes that produced an asymmetry between leptons and antileptons in the very early universe, resulting in the present-day dominance of leptons over antileptons. In physical cosmology, prognosis is the biological process hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce brain asymmetry, i.e., the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.
Most grand unified theories explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, which would account for this discrepancy, typically invoking reactions mediated by very massive X bosons(X ) or massive Higgs bosons (H0).
