The universe is electrically neutral. The number of electrons in the universe is almost identical to the number of protons, making the universe electrically neutral. The overall electric charge of the universe is precisely zero. Heavier atoms tend to have more neutrons than protons, but the number of electrons in an atom is always equal to the number of protons. So an atom as a whole is electrically neutral. A charge is neither created nor destroyed; itcan only be transferred from one system to another. A neutron is a neutral subatomic particle that is a constituent of every atomic nucleus except ordinary hydrogen. It has no electric charge. It is 1,839 times larger than an electron.
No electron particles are moving around an atom. In terms of quantum field theory, space is filled by the electron field. Quantum mechanics can calculate the resulting electron density.
Atoms are made of tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Most atoms are stable. Isotopes: every atom is a chemical element, like hydrogen, iron, or chlorine. Radioactive. Some atoms have too many neutrons in the nucleus, which makes them unstable. Ions. Antimatter.
A massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. The two known massless particles are gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). Subatomic particles carry an electric charge. In ordinary matter, a negative charge is carried by electrons, and the protons carry a positive charge in the nuclei of atoms. The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e.
Light is composed of photons; aphoton has no mass. It has energy and momentum but no mass. Quantum Mechanics keeps electrons from falling to the nucleus. Unlike protons, electrons can move from atom to atom. If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, its net charge is 0. If it gains an extra electron, it becomes negatively charged and is known as an anion.
A charged particle is also called an ion. It is an atom with a positive or negative charge. The particle that has the more significant amount of electrons steals the other particle’s electrons. One becomes positive because it lost an electron, and the other negative because it got another electron. Positively charged ions are called cations. Negatively charged ions are called anions. Small ions only last between 30 and 300 seconds before losing their charge but are highly active.
The human body emits light that is one thousand is 1000 times lower than the sensitivity of our naked eyes.
Space is not empty. A point in outer space is filled with gas, dust, a wind of charged particles from the stars, light from stars, cosmic rays, the radiation left over from the Big Bang, gravity, electric and magnetic fields, and neutrinos from nuclear reactions.
Atoms make up everything, but they also exist very, very far apart, and they are made up of 99% of space used by the electron field. Every atom has a nucleus that is surrounded by electrons. Every human on planet Earth comprises millions and millions of atoms which all are 99% of space that is the home for the electron field. The electrons are like a very low-density glue-like viscous fluid surrounding the nuclei and making up the spatial extent of the atom. The field is transparent for the neutrons, but not for other electrons.
The electronic fluid that surrounds the nuclei is transparent to alpha rays, and to the meson and gluon fluid in which the quarks are embedded.
Nuclei don’t touch each other, but their atoms and molecules do.
Most of the mass in ordinary matter is due to the strong interaction, generated dynamically through dynamical symmetry breaking.
